J. Qadir, R. Sentürk
AI for Inclusive Education: Advancements in Assessment, Diagnosis, and Intervention, Elsevier
Research program
Multiplexity.
The one and the many, held together.
Multiplexity is a way of thinking about technology, education, health and the human being. It rests on Islamic ideals and on a worldview of levels of reality (marātib) in which unity and diversity belong together, and it is offered as a framework for everyone.
Multiplexity is a way of thinking in levels of reality and both-and; ihsan is the sincerity and excellence with which that thinking is lived. Ihsan →
The idea, briefly
An electrical engineer meets the one and the many when she splits one signal into many frequencies and must remember it is still one signal. A network engineer meets it in the Internet: one network made of thousands of autonomous ones. In AI we meet it whenever one decision is built from many models, data sources and human labels — and each of us meets it in ourselves, as one person who is also body, mind, feeling and conviction.
These are different kinds of many: parts, perspectives and levels. Some problems are convergent: they have one closed answer, and either-or thinking is the right tool. Others are divergent: open-ended, with several defensible answers, and they call for both-and thinking.
Multiplexity is the wisdom of integration. It tells the two kinds of problem apart, unifies analysis and synthesis, and replaces the tyranny of OR (exclusivism) and the tyranny of AND (relativism) by embracing OR with AND. Treating an open problem as if it had one closed answer is uniplexity; treating a problem that has a right answer as if every view were as good as any other is relativism.
Three dimensions
Across — horizontal
Many views, goods and tensions are kept in one frame, so that each contributes what it gets right: speed and responsibility, individual and community, technical and normative. Where they conflict, the upward dimension says which gives way.
Upward — vertical
Levels of reality, knowledge and purpose, each with methods adequate to it. Higher ends take precedence over lower means; on the Islamic account I work from, human dignity is a ground that efficiency may not override.
Through time — dynamic
Systems change, learn and feed back on themselves, and history shapes them. A multiplex view follows that movement.
How it relates to neighboring ideas
Multiplexity is related to several familiar ideas, and each contributes something. The difference lies mainly in the emphasis on ordered levels and a shared ground.
- Ensembles
- Combining many models often beats using one. Averaging ensembles do this by blending views on one plane into one score. Multiplexity also keeps the views distinct, places them at different levels, and asks which purpose ranks their outputs.
- Pluralism
- Multiplexity is pluralistic. What it adds is a shared ground and a ranking among ends; without those, plurality has no way to call one view better and slides toward relativism.
- Wisdom of crowds
- The classic result concerns pooling independent estimates of one quantity. Many multiplex questions are of a different kind: what is settled, what is contested, what is permitted, and what something is for.
- Systems thinking
- Multiplexity aligns with systems thinking, critical complexity and cybernetics, and shares their attention to wholes and change over time. Its further emphasis, drawn from an Islamic worldview of levels of being, is a vertical dimension: higher ends over lower means.
In my research
Each line of work can be read as its own one-and-many problem. Follow a card to the related papers.
One model, many distributions
Trustworthy and robust machine learning: attacks, defenses and distribution shift across many conditions.
Related papers →
One model, many worldviews
Foundation-model safety and evaluation across perspectives, including WorldView-Bench for global cultural perspectives in LLMs.
Related papers →
One patient, many layers
Clinical, cultural and spiritual purposes of health, each in its place under the highest: multiplex health, and generative AI with traditional Islamically integrated psychotherapy.
Related papers →
One learner, many capacities
AI-augmented learning and writing; Islamically inspired critical pedagogy; multiplex systemics for educational technology.
Related papers →
One university, many stakeholders
Responsible AI in higher education: the IEEE P3722 guide and governance work.
Related papers →
One system, many models
Multiplex digital twins: mechanistic and data-driven models at different levels, judged against explicit purposes. Currently presented in talks and master classes.
Related talks →
Papers, book chapters & preprints
12 items on multiplexity and the closely related systems-thinking work. Open-access PDFs are hosted where the license allows; otherwise the title links to the publisher. This list is generated from my CV and grows with it.
Book chapters
J. Qadir, R. Sentürk
Handbook of Critical Studies of Artificial Intelligence and Education
The publisher (Edward Elgar) does not permit this chapter to be shared openly. To request a copy, write to me, using the Contact page
Educating for the AI Era: Harnessing the Wild GenAI Horse through Multiplex AI Humanities and Critical AI Literacy
forthcoming
J. Qadir, R. Sentürk
Taylor & Francis, Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Islamic Finance
Journal & conference papers
J. Qadir
IEEE Access
A. Mushtaq, I. Taj, R. Naeem, I. Ghaznavi, J. Qadir
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 85
A Multiplex Framework for Responsible AI-Augmented Mental Healthcare: Integrating TIIP with Ethical AI
J. Qadir, H. Keshavarzi, R. Sentürk, A. Abd-Alrazaq, I. Ghaznavi
SSRN working paper
J. Qadir, D. Maddah, M. W. Qoronfleh, R. Sentürk
Frontiers in Psychology, section Consciousness Research, Research Topic: Spirituality and Religion: Implications for… 16
A. Mushtaq, R. Naeem, M. I. Taj, I. Ghaznavi, J. Qadir
IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
U. Ammara, K. Rasheed, A. Mansoor, A. Al-Fuqaha, J. Qadir
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Systems
J. Qadir
29th International Society of Transdisciplinary Engineering (ISTE) hosted by MIT System Design and Management in Camb…
U. Ammara, H. Qudrat-Ullah, J. Qadir
IWCMC Engineering Education Workshop pp. 2056–2061
Analyzing Misinformation Through The Lens of Systems Thinking
U. Ammara, H. Bukhari, J. Qadir
Truth and Trust Online Conference
Videos & courses
YouTube playlist · 2 videos
Multiplex AI ↗
YouTube playlist · 8 videos
IHSAN Course 2025: Education in the AI Era, Cultivating Multiplex Intelligence and Human Wholeness ↗
The eight lectures of the 2025 IHSAN course.
The full IHSAN 2025 course (8 lectures and 103 slides) is on the Courses page.
Talks & presentations
- “Promise and Opportunities of Digital Twins: Multiplex Thinking in the Age of Complexity,” at the 2nd International Conference on Marine Engineering & Technology (ICMET 2025), Muscat, Oman, November 2025.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Master Class, “Multiplex Digital Twins: AI-Driven Twins for Smarter Health Management,” World AI Summit, Doha Qatar, December 2025.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Guest Lecturer, “Multiplex Systemics Meets Agentic AI: Critical Systems Thinking for Decision Making in a Complex World”, Ph.D. Research Seminar on AI and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, College of Business and Economics, Qatar University, April 2026.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Presenter, “Multiplex Systemics for AI Governance and Open Civilization”, Usul Talk, Usul Academy, January 2026.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Presenter, “Towards Ethical and Effective AI-Augmented Learning: A Multiplex Framework”, QU Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) 17th Annual Forum on Excellence in Teaching and Learning, Teaching Excellence in the Age of Intelligent Learning, January 2026.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Conference presentation, “Multiplex Systemics: A Both-And Framework for AI Implementation in Crisis Response Settings,” Driving Change: Regional Conference on Health and Emerging Fields in Implementation Science 2025, December 2025.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Invited talk “AI for social good: a critical multiplex approach” at the 3rd Pakistan National School of Public Policy (NSPP) Public Policy Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Public Policy and Governance, August 26, 2025, Lahore, Pakistan.Slides (PDF) ↓
- Plenary talk titled, “Multiplex Systemics: Toward a More Holistic Philosophy of Technology”, International Hybrid Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements of Biomedical and Healthcare Circuits and Systems — jointly hosted by CISS-Global at Information Technology University and RINRO at Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Lahore, July 2025.Slides (PDF) ↓
- “The Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: A Multiplex Critical AI Approach”, First Symposium on Comparative Education, Ghazali on Education, Contemporary Practical Applications from an Enduring Legacy, organized by College of Islamic Sciences (CIS), Hamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU), March 2024. Available online at https://youtu.be/Xz9sk3mj19I?t=20431.Slides (PDF) ↓
- “Educating for the AI Revolution: Fostering a Holistic Human-Centered Approach Based on Wisdom and Multiplexity”, Invited Talk at the Generative AI Workshop at Dar Al-Hekma College, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, February 2024.Slides (PDF) ↓
- “A Holistic Education for the 21st Century Engineer Based on Wisdom and Multiplexity”, TE 2022 The Future of Engineering Conference hosted by MIT System Design and Management, Cambridge, MA, USA, July 2022.Slides (PDF) ↓